Advance Role of Computers in Modern Research Study
Author(s): Ashwin Singh Chouhan
Abstract
There is a lot of interest in advanced computing technologies when it comes to artificial intelligence. This paper is designed to help promote the
research and application of advanced computing technologies by providing a forum for researchers and practitioners from around the world to
exchange research results and share development experiences. The papers featured in this anthology cover various aspects of advanced computing
technologies and experimental studies of some application systems.
Introduction
Computers in Research
The computers are indispensable throughout the research process.
The role of computer becomes more important when the research is
on a large sample. Data can be stored in computers for immediate
use or can be stored in auxiliary memories like floppy discs,
compact discs, universal serial buses (pen drives) or memory
cards, so that the same can be retrieved later. The computers assist
the researcher throughout different phases of research process.
Role of Computers in the Phases of Research Process
There are five major phases of the research process where computer
plays different vital roles.
They are:
• Role of Computer in Conceptual phase
• Role of Computer in Design and planning phase
• Role of Computer in Empirical phase
• Role of Computer in Analytic phase and
• Role of Computer in Dissemination phase
Role of Computer in Conceptual Phase
The conceptual phase consists of formulation of research problem,
review of literature, theoretical frame work and formulation of
hypothesis.
Role of Computers in Literature Review
Computers help for searching the literatures (for review of
literature) and bibliographic references stored in the electronic
databases of the World Wide Web’s. It can thus be used for storing
relevant published articles to be retrieved whenever needed.
This has the advantage over searching the literatures in the form
of books, journals and other newsletters at the libraries which
consume considerable amount of time and effort.
Role of Computers in Design and Planning Phase
Design and planning phase consist of research design, population,
research variables, sampling plan, reviewing research plan and
pilot study
Role of Computers for Sample Size Calculation
Several software’s are available to calculate the sample size
required for a proposed study. NCSS-PASS-GESS is such
software. The standard deviation of the data from the pilot study
is required for the sample size calculation.
Role of Computers in Empirical Phase
Empirical phase consist of collecting and preparing the data for
analysis.
Data Storage
The data obtained from the subjects are stored in computers as
word files or excel spread sheets. This has the advantage of making
necessary corrections or editing the whole layout of the tables if
needed, which is impossible or time-consuming in case of writing
in papers. Thus, computers help in data entry, data editing, data
management including follow up actions etc. Computers also
allow for greater flexibility in recording the data while they are
collected as well as greater ease during the analysis of these data.
In research studies, the preparation and inputting data is the most
labour-intensive and time consuming aspect of the work. Typically
the data will be initially recorded on a questionnaire or record form
suitable for its acceptance by the computer. To do this the researcher
in conjunction with the statistician and the programmer, will convert
the data into Microsoft word file or excel spread sheet. These spread
sheets can be directly opened with statistical software’s for analysis
Role of Computers in Data Analysis
This phase consist of statistical analysis of the data and
interpretation of results.
Data Analysis
Much software is now available to perform the ‘mathematical part
‘of the research process i.e. the calculations using various statistical
methods. Software’s like SPSS, NCSS-PASS, STATA and Sysat are
some of the widely used. They can be like calculating the sample
size for a proposed study, hypothesis testing and calculating the
power of the study. Familiarity with any one package will suffice
to carry out the most intricate statistical analyses.
Computers are useful not only for statistical analyses, but also to
monitor the accuracy and completeness of the data as they are
collected.
Role of Computers in Research Dissemination
This phase is the publication of the research study.
Research Publishing: The research article is typed in word format
and converted to portable data format (PDF) and stored and/or
published in the World Wide Web.
Use of Computer in Data Processing and Tabulation
Research involves large amounts of data, which can be handled
manually or by computers. Computers provide the best alternative
for more than one reason. Besides its capacity to process large
amounts of data, it also analyses data with the help of a number of
statistical procedures. Computers carry out processing and analysis
of data flawlessly and with a very high speed. The statistical
analysis that took months earlier takes now a few seconds or few
minutes. Today, availability of statistical software and access to
computers has increased substantially over the last few years
all over the world. While there are many specialised software
application packages for different types of data analysis, Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) is one such package that is
often used by researchers for data processing and analysis. It is
preferred choice for social work research analysis due to its easyto-use interface and comprehensive range of data manipulation
and analytical tools.
Basic Steps in Data Processing and Analysis
There are four basic steps involved in data processing and analysis
using SPSS. They are:
• Entering of data into SPSS,
• Selection of a procedure from the Menus,
• Selection of variables for analysis, and
• Examination of the outputs.
You can enter your data directly into SPSS Data Editor. Before
data analysis, it is advised that you should have a detailed plan of
analysis so that you are clear as to what analysis is to be performed.
Select the procedure to work on the data. All the variables are
listed each time a dialog box is opened. Select variables on which
you wish to apply a statistical procedure. After completing the
selection, execute the SPSS command. Most of the commands
are directly executed by clicking ‘O.K’. On the dialog box. The
processor in the computer will execute the procedures and display
the results on the monitor as ‘output file’.
Data Processing
Data Processing is, broadly, “the collection and manipulation
of items of data to produce meaningful information’s.” In this
sense it can be considered a subset of information processing,
“the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable
by an observer.”
Processing Operations
We can now proceed with the explanation of all the processing
operations.
Editing
Editing of data is a process of examining the collected raw material
(especially in surveys) to detect errors and omissions and to correct
these when possible. As a matter of fact, editing involves a careful
scrutiny of the completed questionnaires and or schedules.
Types of Editing
Editing may be in the form of field editing or central editing
• Field Editing: - field editing consists in the review of the
reporting forms by the investigator for completing what the
letter has written in abbreviated and or in illegible form at
the time of recording the respondent’s responses
• Central Editing: -central editing should take place when all
forms or schedules have been completed and returned to the
office. This type of editing implies that all form should get a
through editing by a single editor in a small study and by a
team of editors in case of large of inquiry.
Some Points of Editing
Editors must keep in view several points while performing their
editing work which are as follows
• They should be familiar with instructions given to the
interviewers and coders as well as with the editing instructions
supplied to them.
• They must make entries on the in some distinctive colour and
that too in a standardised form.
Coding
Coding refers to the process of assigning numerals or other
symbols to answers so that responses can be put into a limited
number of categories or classes. Coding is necessary for efficient
analysis and through it the several replies may be reduced to a
small number of classes which contain the critical information
required for analysis.
Coding is translating answers into numerical values or assigning
numbers to the various categories of a variable to be used in data
analysis. Coding is done by using a code book, code sheet, and
a computer card. Coding is done on the basis of the instructions
given in the codebook. The code book gives a numerical code
for each variable.
Now-a-days, codes are assigned before going to the field while
constructing the questionnaire/schedule. Pose data collection; precoded items are fed to the computer for processing and analysis.
For open-ended questions, however, post-coding is necessary.
In such cases, all answers to open-ended questions are placed in
categories and each category is assigned with a code.
Manual processing is employed when qualitative methods are
used or when in quantitative studies, a small sample is used, or
when the questionnaire/schedule has a large number of openended questions, or when accessibility to computers is difficult or
inappropriate. However, coding is done in manual processing also.
Classification
Most research studies result in a large volume of raw data which
must be reduced into homogeneous group if we are to get meaning
full relationships. The classification arranged on the basis of
common characteristics.
Types of Classification
Classification of two types
a) Classification according to attributes
b) Classification according to class intervals
Tabulation
When a mass of data has been assembled, it becomes necessary
for the researcher to arrange the same in some kind of concise
and logical order .This procedure is referred to as tabulation. Thus
tabulation is the process of summarising raw data and displaying
the same in compact form (i.e. in the form of statistical tables) in
a broader sense, tabulation is an orderly arrangement of data in
columns and row. After editing, which ensures that the information
on the schedule is accurate and categorized in a suitable form,
the data are put together in some kinds of tables and may also
undergo some other forms of statistical analysis. Table can be
prepared manually and/or by computers. For a small study of 100
to 200 persons, there may be little point in tabulating by computer
since this necessitates putting the data on punched cards. But for
a survey analysis involving a large number of respondents and
requiring cross tabulation involving more than two variables, hand
tabulation will be inappropriate and time consuming
Importance of Tabulation
a) It facilitates the process of comparison.
b) It provides a basis for various statistical computation
c) The present an overall view of findings in a simpler way.
d) They identify trends.
e) They display relationships in a comparable way between
parts of the findings.
f) By convention, the dependent variable is presented in the
rows and the independent variable in the columns.
Principles of Tabulation
a) Every table should be given a distinct number to facilitate
easy reference.
b) The column headings and the row headings of the table should
be clear and brief.
c) The columns may be numbered to facilitate reference.
d) Total of row should normally be placed in the extreme right
column and that of columns should be placed at the bottom.
Some Problems in Processing
We can take up the following two problems of processing the data
for analysis purpose.
a) The Problem Concerning “don’t know” (or DK)
Responses: - while processing the data the researcher often
comes across some responses that are difficult to handle. One
category of such responses may be ?Don’t know response
or simply DK response. When the DK response group is
small it is of little significance but when it is relatively big
it becomes a matter of major concern in which the case the
question arises.
b) Use of Percentage - percentages are often used in data
presentation for reducing all of them to a 0 to 100 range.
Rules of Percentage
a) Two or more percentages must not be averaged unless each
is weighted by the group size from which it has been derived.
b) Use of too large percentage should be avoided since a large
percentage is difficult to understand and tends to confuse,
defeating the very purpose for which percentage are used.
c) Percentage hides the base from which they have been
computed. If this is not kept in view the real difference may
not be correctly read.
Data Analysis
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming,
and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information,
suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making. Data
analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse
techniques under a variety of names, in different business, science,
and social science domains. As stated earlier, by analysis we
mean the computation of certain indices or measures along with
searching for patterns of relationship that exist among the data
groups. Data analysis is an ongoing activity, which not only
answers your question but also gives you the directions for future
data collection. Data analysis procedures (DAP) help you to arrive
at the data analysis. The uses of such procedures put your research
project in perspective and assist you in testing the hypotheses
with which you have started your research. Hence with the use
of DAP, you can
a. Convert data into information and knowledge, and
b. Explore the relationship between variables.
Types of Analysis
Analysis may, therefore be categorized as descriptive analysis
and inferential analysis.
a) Descriptive Analysis - descriptive analysis is largely the
study of distribution of one variable. This study provides us
with profiles of companies, work groups, persons and other
subjects on any of a multiple of characteristics such as size,
composition, efficiency, preferences.
b) Inferential Analysis- is concerned with the various tests of
significance for testing hypothesis in order to determine with
what validity data can be said to indicate some conclusion
or conclusions. It is also concerned with the estimation of
population values.
Method and Material
We conducted this research paper by observing the different types
of reviews, as well as conducting and evaluating literature review
papers.
Result & Discussion
Advanced computing technologies are well-suited for artificial
intelligence. This document aims to help promote the research
and application of advanced computing technologies by providing
a forum for researchers and practitioners from around the world
to share research results and share development experiences
and experimental investigations of some application systems.
Computers are useful tools that can speed up the research
process and provide accuracy. The programmer or computer
operator should have a thorough knowledge of the capabilities
and disabilities of the software used to make the computer more
effective. The data must be processed in order to be analysed in
accordance with the research plan that was in place when the
data was collected. This is essential for a scientific study and for
ensuring all relevant data is included [1-124].
Conclusion
In conclusion, we can say that computers are useful tools that
simplify and speed up the research process, providing accuracy,
greater reliability and fewer errors. The programmer or the
computer operator should have a thorough knowledge of the
capabilities and disabilities of the software used for better use of
computers. The data must be processed in order to be analysed
according to the plan for the research that was developed at the
time the data was collected. This is essential for a scientific studyand for ensuring that all relevant data is included in the analysis.
Acknowledgment
My grateful thanks to all the sincere and extremely helping friends
for their support and help for the completion of work. Last but not
the least, I am thankful to all those who cooperated and helped
me directly or indirectly to carry out this work.
Ethical Approval
Ethical approval was not required for this letter. All data used is
publicly accessible.
Funding
There were no external sources of funding for this research.
Financial Support and Sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of Interest
All authors are declaring that they have no conflicts of interest.
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