Author(s): Nastasenko Valentin Alekseevich
At the present time, black holes are reduced to the parameters of the Schwarzschild sphere. It is shown that Schwarzschild determined only half of the mass and energy of a black hole, and its spherical shape makes it difficult to interact with the external environment. The elimination of this drawback is the main goal of this work, and the substantiation of the shape, structure and parameters of black holes on the basis of the strict laws of the material world is its scientific novelty.
The Methods of Research: Used in the work are based on deduction and induction, as well as on the application of reliable laws of physics and the general principles of the theory of knowledge.
Work Results: It is proposed to replace the Schwarzschild sphere at the quantum level of the material world with a hole-die, which consists of 2 layers of hexagonal prisms of circular space quanta, formed from 6 regular trihedral prisms of elementary space quanta. The length of all their faces is λG = 4.05125?10-35m and is equal to the wavelength of the gravitational field forming this hole. Its energy and mass are added to the energy E = mc2 due to the rotation of the gravitational field in it. The connection between the hole-die and the black and white holes, which change radially to the quantum λG in concentric columns, is justified.
Conclusions: Strict calculated dependences are found and numerical values are obtained on their basis, which confirm the new parameters of black holes.
The work relates to the field of quantum physics, cosmic physics and cosmology, in particular, to the determination of the parameters and structure of black holes, as well as to the foundations of the material world and the entire Universe. The solution of these problems is necessary for a better understanding of the principles of building the foundations of the Universe.
An analysis of the state of the problem has shown that the information about black holes obtained in recent years is based only on indirect astronomical observations of the zones surrounding them, which made it possible to single out a black spot of light absorption inside them, which is further identified as a black hole (Fig. 1) [1]:
Figure 1: The shadow of the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy Messier 87, located 54 million light years from Earth
The structure inside this spot and the parameters of its structure have not been found on a rigorous physical basis, only the M - mass parameters and R - radius of black holes within the Schwarzschild sphere are actually known, which are determined from the dependence (1) and (2) [2]:
This dependence is usually used to determine the Schwarzschild radii for objects with a known mass. For example, a black hole with a mass equal to the mass of the Earth has radius ≈ 9 mm. For the sun, the Schwarzschild radius is about 3 km.
The basis of the work performed is a new direction of research, from the initial (zero) level of the material world, to higher levels: elementary particles, nuclei of atoms, atoms, etc. [4]. The main feature of this level (hereinafter the Nastasenko level) is its formation on the basis of fundamental physical constants. On this basis the structure of the Universe from minimal quanta of space is rigorously substantiated [5], with the length of all its elements l P (3) and the maximum possible mass mP (4):
Therefore, further attention is paid to the Planck’s level black hole, it is hypothetical black hole which has parameters (3) and (4) [6]. In it was shown that the parameters (3) is equal to the wavelength of the gravitational (Unified) field of the Universe λG = l P [7]. In this case, value mG (4) will be the mass characteristic of a quantum black hole, which follows from the equality of the wave energy EG = hc/λG according to de Broglie's law and the relationship between the mass and its total energy according to the Einstein law EG = mGc2 [8]. On this base we get (5):
Formation of a Planck-level black hole was performed in taking into account the possibility of violation of the symmetry of objects in the material world [9]. Therefore, in, a hypothesis was put forward about the possibility of the formation of a hole instead of the initial space quantum (by analogy with “vacancies” in crystal lattices) and the probability P of such an event exists [9].
In is created, that not only the translational motion of matter in the black holes (the initial Schwarzschild solution for a spherically symmetric black hole), but also its rotation [9]. The rotation version is also introduced in the Kerr solution for a stationary axisymmetric rotating black hole [10]. These rotations shown confirm is light of streams (Fig. 1). However, there is no charge in a black hole.
Schwarzschild in his solution determined only half of the total mass and energy for a spherically symmetric immobile black hole, which is reduced only to its kinetic energy. This is contradiction with Einstein's total energy law E = mc2 .
The elimination of this drawback is the main goal of the work performed, and its scientific novelty is the substantiation of the hole-die structure and its parameters based on strict scientific provisions and reliable physical laws. To this end, the task was set to develop adequate theoretical foundations and methods of research that would provide more complete and reliable knowledge about the structure and parameters of black holes.
The performed work is based on the methods of deduction and induction in the study of the material world, as well as the application of reliable known laws of physics and general principles for the development of the theory of knowledge [11]. Other research methods have been used only partially. Complete methods are not yet known, since the work being performed is associated with fundamentally new scientific discoveries, the search for which is difficult to formalize with previously known technical methods and techniques work.
This contradiction is eliminated by taking into account the transverse shift of elementary space quanta. With the same quantum jumps by the value λG = RF for longitudinal and transverse displacement with the speed c of light in vacuum, their energy and mass are the same and doubling. Therefore, in dependences of the Schwarzschild sphere for the hole-die mass MF, and for the radius RF, do not have a coefficient 2.
The scheme of the version of the formation of a quantum black hole is shown in Fig. 2. This hole 1 of quantum level is surrounded by 6 quanta of space 2. To view the hole, the 2 closing columns of space quanta in the scheme are conditionally removed.
Figure 2: Schematic image of a quantum level hole (1) (Nastasenko holes) in the general array of space quanta (2),
For real objects, the number n of quantum hole-die is determined by the ratio of their mass M to quantum mass MF = 5.45565?10-8 kg. Since the mass of black holes is estimated in the masses of the Sun M? = MS = 1.988744?1030 kg, then we gets for it [12]:
Considering that the black hole mass and radius are directly proportional to each other, each new mass quantum MF leads to an adequate increase in the radius RF. Then the number n is the coefficient of increase in the black hole radius, which for the Sun will give radius:
This value coincides with the currently declared radius of a black hole with the mass M? = MS of the Sun RgS = 2.953250?103 m to within 4 decimal places [12]. The discrepancy is due to the accuracy of the gravitational constant G used in the data calculations and in the declared calculations.
Thus, on a rigorous basis, it is confirmed:
1. Quantum-layered structure of black holes by concentric rings of the same mass MF, in which its density decreases in proportion to the area of the n-th ring within the framework.
2. The black hole has not a spherical shape, but a circular disk form with the parameters of concentric Nastasenko hole.
3. Strict calculated dependences are found and numerical values are obtained on their basis, which confirm the new parameters of circular disk form black holes.
Considering that within the framework of the equations following from Einstein's GR [12], a black hole can be not only absorbing matter, but also emitting it, i.e. be a “white hole”, so in [8] the 3rd hypothesis was put forward that a quantum black hole consists of 2 quantum layers, one of which works like a black hole, and the other layer works like a white hole. In a pair, they form a longitudinal hole-die. Such a scheme of actions is implemented by a hole-die that is open to the external environment, and not by a sphere closed on itself, since the quantization conditions are violated in the minimal form, when was proposed in [8].
