Author(s): Inga Badasyan
The Southern Caucasus countries show a rather different energy profile, with Azerbaijan consuming mainly its oil and gas resources, Georgia relying on hydropower production, and Armenia with a more diversified supply system of hydro and nuclear power (Figure 1) [1]. All three countries have embarked on the development of renewable energy resources supported by many international agencies, but only a few projects have actually started [2].While the climate change research and the water quality monitoring of three countries’ rivers.
The Southern Caucasus countries show a rather different energy profile, with Azerbaijan consuming mainly its oil and gas resources, Georgia relying on hydropower production, and Armenia with a more diversified supply system of hydro and nuclear power (Figure 1) [1]. All three countries have embarked on the development of renewable energy resources supported by many international agencies, but only a few projects have actually started [2].While the climate change research and the water quality monitoring of three countries’ rivers.
Climate change is already occurring in Armenia show statisti- cally increasing trends in mean annual temperature mean daily minimum temperature and mean daily maximum temperature over the last century, though there are no trends in mean annual precipitation, nor the number of wet days per year. The evidence for trends in annual precipitation is less convincing, although there are stations in Armenia that have experienced precipita- tion declines. All the climate models are in accord that the mean annual temperature will increase significantly by the end of the century: 4 °C - 5.1 °C in Armenia. By 2050, the projected change in mean annual temperature is: 1.1 °C - 1.9 °C, 1.0 °C - 1.6 °C, 0.9 °C - 1.9 °C for Armenia [3]. While in Vanadzor, Vanadzor is an urban municipal community and the third-largest city in Armenia serving as the capital of Lori Province in the northern part of the country. It is located about 128 kilometres north of the capital Yerevan [4]. Vanadzor is located in the valley of Pambak River [4]. The vanadzor city is most polluted than other city near the Debed river in Lori Province [4]. However, there needs to be more research into the current level of acclimation in these cities and how this urban heat stress may translate into increased mortality.
Several years of experience of investigations with macrozooben- thos in the Debed river, a biological assessment system has been developed to indicate pollution levels caused by easily degradable organic substances from sewers.
All the research was carried out to determine the effects of anthro- pogenic addition to the impact of geological changes. For exam- ple, geological mining industry, underground water’s radioactive pollution and pollution of chemical residues are influence on the environment [5]. A mining and geological engineer is someone who designs mines for the safe and efficient removal of minerals.
The macroinvertebrates are good indicators for aquatic ecosys- tems, chromic pollution, hydrogeochemical and water temperature.
This research is most important for ecological monitoring and related environmental scientific disciplines such as biogeography, soil science, geomorphology and biodiversity of water. Coverage is wide-ranging and includes plant and animal physiology, animal behaviour, pollution, conservation, habitat management, evolution, environmental pollution and water pollution.
Hydroecological and geological circle are connect from regional position and environment. The water resources are important for economic development of RA. But we know that the surface water quality falls along with economic recovery, because from emissions, geological of mining, underground water’s radioactive pollution and pollution of chemical residues are influence on the environment.
In the figure 2 and table1 is observation network of surface water monitoring of the Debed River following places [3].
Table 1: The sampling observation network of the Debed river| Numberofvantage-ground | Locationofvantage-ground |
|---|---|
| 1 | Khnkoyanvillage |
| 2 | 0.5 km under from Spitak city |
| 12 | Estuary |
| 4 | 0.5 km under from Vanadzor city |
| 13 | Estuary |
| 7 | Nearborder |
Studying macroinvertebrate diversity is one of the most effec- tive and inexpensive ways to estimate the ecological quality of the waters. The study was conducted mainly of six sampling stations of the Debed river. Selection of the sampling stations was based on the possible pollutant loads and the magnitude of human activities along the rivers. Benthic macroinvertebrates, especially aquatic insects, represent a choice group of organisms used in biological monitoring programs. This research is important water quality of all water resources. Despite detailed data quality objectives, field methodology, and laboratory analysis and data presentation, if often requires extensive professional experience and skill and knowledge of the scientific literature to draw de- fensible conclusions from a data set. Every research helps other researching processes.
The geological research work has covered all the geological and seismological aspects, which is impacted on the aquatic macroin- vertebrates, including regional geology, regional geomorphology, environmental geology, and natural construction materials. A variety of techniques and methods have been employed, includ- ing surface geology, aerogeophysical prospecting, engineering geophysics, high precision deformation observation.
AQEM enables water managers in eight European countries to assess the Ecological Quality of streams with benthic macroin- vertebrates using a system [3].
Aims of the AQEM system are:
• to classify a stream stretch into an Ecological Quality Class
from 5 (high) to 1 (bad) based on a macroinvertebrate taxa
list, which has been obtained from sampling the stretch using
a harmonised method
• to give information about the possible causes of degradation
in order to help di-rect future management practices [3].
ASTERICS (AQEM / STAR Ecological River Classification
System) is software for the calculation of the ecological quality of
rivers according to the specifications of the EC Water Framework
Directive (WFD) based on macroinvertebrates. The program is
able to read from Excel Taxalisten (alternatively, also in the form
of a text file), and the results of the calculation back to Excel and
/ or Access to exportie-ren. Addition: Since version 3.3 of Export
file is also possible [3].
In the bottom fauna of the Debe driver is found nearly 46 spe- cies in. The other dominant characteristic of the Debed river assemblages was the relative lack of sensitive and delicate taxa, particularly those in the indicator groups mayflies (Ephemerop- tera), flies (Diptera), and caddisflies (Trichoptera) (Figure 3.).
The relative sensitivity of specific indicator species to pollution and the diversity of species present. The index value varies from 0 (extremely bad quality) to 10 (extremely good quality). Initially, the invertebrates present are divided into 7 main faunal groups (at order, family and/or genus level), then the number of systematic units is counted. The division of taxa into systematic units is undertaken predominantly at family and genus level.
For the Debed river type modelling and expert judgement will be applied later to establish reference conditions values for the macroinvertebrates taxa (no locations were found without human impact on the given water body type).
In addition to the key factors - water temperature, abiotic and biotic factors which will not be covered within this system, such as climate change, geology, topography, discharge, habitat struc- ture, and competition. The study is based on the quality control of river water, which is caused by the chemical composition of the water as well as aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates. Geological changes of the river also had an impact on the development and propagation of invertebrates.
• In conclusion the water quality does have a positive effect on
the quantity of macroinvertebrates in the river.
• Aquatic macroinvertebrates can be used as Bioindicators for
freshwaters.
To meet obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), introduce climate adaptation for planning, design and implementation of biodiversity conservation, such as protected areas and species programmes [7-9].
